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Technocracy is an organizational structure or system of governance where decision-makers are selected on the basis of technological knowledge. The concept of a technocracy remains mostly hypothetical. Technocrats, a term used frequently by journalists in the twenty-first century, can refer to individuals exercising governmental authority because of their knowledge.〔http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Technocracy.aspx〕 ''Technocrat'' has come to mean either "a member of a powerful technical elite" or "someone who advocates the supremacy of technical experts". Examples include scientists, engineers, and technologists who have special knowledge, expertise, or skills, and would compose the governing body, instead of people elected through political parties and businesspeople. In a technocracy, decision makers would be selected based upon how knowledgeable and skillful they are in their field. The term ''technocracy'' was originally used to advocate the application of the scientific method to solving social problems. According to the proponents of this concept, the role of money, economic values, and moralistic control mechanisms would be eliminated altogether if and when this form of social control should ever be implemented in a continental area endowed with enough natural resources, technically trained personnel, and installed industrial equipment. In such an arrangement, concern would be given to sustainability within the resource base, instead of monetary profitability, so as to ensure continued operation of all social-industrial functions into the indefinite future. Technical and leadership skills would be selected on the basis of specialized knowledge and performance, rather than democratic election by those without such knowledge or skill deemed necessary.〔p.35 (p.44 of PDF), p.35〕 Some uses of the word technocracy refer to a form of meritocracy, a system where the most qualified are in charge. Other applications have been described as not being an oligarchic human group of controllers, but rather administration by discipline-specific science, ostensibly without the influence of special interest groups. The word technocracy has also been used to indicate any kind of management or administration by specialized experts (technocrats) in any field, not just physical science, and the adjective ''technocratic'' has been used to describe governments that include non-elected professionals at a ministerial level.〔〔 The academics Duncan McDonnell and Marco Valbruzzi have defined a prime minister or minister as a technocrat if “at the time of his/her appointment to government, he/she: (1) has never held public office under the banner of a political party; (2) is not a formal member of any party; (3) is said to possess recognized non-party political expertise which is directly relevant to the role occupied in government”.〔Duncan McDonnell and Marco Valbruzzi (2014) "(Defining and classifying technocrat-led and technocratic governments )", ''European Journal of Political Research'', Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 654-671.〕 ==History of the term== The term ''technocracy'' derives from the Greek words τέχνη, ''tekhne'' meaning ''skill'' and κράτος, ''kratos'' meaning ''power'', as in ''governance'', or ''rule''. William Henry Smyth, a Californian engineer, is usually credited with inventing the word "technocracy" in 1919 to describe "the rule of the people made effective through the agency of their servants, the scientists and engineers", although the word had been used before on several occasions.〔〔Barry Jones (1995, fourth edition). ''Sleepers, Wake! Technology and the Future of Work'', Oxford University Press, p. 214.〕 Smyth used the term "Technocracy" in his 1919 article "'Technocracy'—Ways and Means to Gain Industrial Democracy," in the journal ''Industrial Management'' (57).〔Oxford English Dictionary 3rd edition (Word from 2nd edition 1989)〕 Smyth's usage referred to Industrial democracy: a movement to integrate workers into decision making through existing firms or revolution.〔 In the 1930s, through the influence of Howard Scott and the Technocracy movement he founded, the term technocracy came to mean, 'government by technical decision making', using an energy metric of value. Scott proposed that money be replaced by energy certificates denominated in units such as ergs or joules, equivalent in total amount to an appropriate national net energy budget, and then distributed equally among the North American population, according to resource availability.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Technocracy - Define Technocracy at Dictionary.com )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Technocracy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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